The direct measurement of biomarkers of exposure in biological fluids such as urine has become important for assessing aflatoxin exposure in humans as it is the only tool that integrates exposures from various routes. In ethiopia aflatoxins are detected from several crops especially from maize and groundnut. Aflatoxin b1 afb1 is a highly toxic metabolite of aspegillus fungi that can contaminate animal feed. Reduction of aflatoxin m1 levels during ethiopian traditional. To protect the safety of food commodities, regular monitoring for afltoxins in food is necessary. Similar waivers were granted in 2005, 2003 and 1988. Read aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia, food control on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. This study was carried out to detect aflatoxin m1 in dairy cattle milk in khartoum state sudan. For its nutritional composition, donkey milk is an excellent alternative to breast milk for infants suffering from cows milk allergies. Ikins introduction aflatoxins are toxic compounds that are produced by certain strains of molds, namely, aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins contamination of maize exhibits a serious threat to human and animal health over the past few decades.
Corn containing greater than 500 ppb aflatoxin cannot be blended. At the same time, the company announced that it has. This study was initiated to assess the knowledge and practices. The aflatoxins are designated as b1, b2, g1, and g2. Effects of aflatoxin contamination of grains in ethiopia international. Microbemediated aflatoxin decontamination of dairy products and. B1 is the predominate form aflatoxin b1 when ingested by animals is converted to aflatoxin m1. Aflatoxin b1 and m1 contamination of animal feeds and milk. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites of aspergillus fungi that can contaminate various food and feed products. We recently published the results of a survey on aflatoxins in cows milk and dairy cattle feed in the addis ababa area.
Jul, 2017 on 11 july 2017, epigem celebrated the completion of its research into aflatoxin detection in milk, as part of the eufunded symphony project. African journal of food, agriculture, nutrition and development. Previously, high level of aflatoxin m1 and aflatoxin b1 within milk and feed samples around addis ababa was reported 10. The human health impacts resulting from acute and chronic aflatoxin exposure adds losses in productive years and cost of illness, contributing to the cycle of poverty which may contribute to further illhealth. Aflatoxins refer to a group of several chemicals produced by the aspergillus flavus fungus and related species. Assessment of aflatoxin exposure among young children in. Aflatoxin contamination in milk and its products is produced in two ways.
Aflatoxins afs are mycotoxins produced by some species of aspergillus. Carryover of aflatoxin from feed to milk in dairy cows with low or high somatic cell counts volume 1 issue 9 f. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia dawit gizachew, barbara szonyi, azage tegegne, jean hanson and delia grace usaid, united states embassy, addis ababa, ethiopia 10 june 2015 2. The milk from the farms supplying the dairy was positive for aflatoxin m 1 ranging from milk assay and aflatoxin m1 in milk high sensitivity cat. Aflatoxins are toxins produced by fungi and found in foods and feeds, and exp. The food and drug administration in the usa usfda sets action level for afm1 in milk and total aflatoxin in animal feed to be 0. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia 1. Dairy feed project to reduce aflatoxin contamination in.
Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk and its products in. Milk aflatoxin m 1 contamination of milk results primarily from the conversion of aflatoxin b 1 that is metabolized by enzymes found primarily in the liver. Aflatoxins in animal feeds and animal feed ingredients and milk aflatoxins are a group of chemically related toxins produced as natural byproducts during the growth of certain common molds. Aflatoxin m1 residues in milk and their impact on human. The singular phenomenon of the high transfer of aflatoxin b1 to the milk borne afm1 results from a preventive decontamination triggered by the animal. Jul 21, 2015 aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia 1. Although the amount of afm i secreted into milk depends on the individual cow and the. Ministry denies the study about high level of aflatoxin in milk. These compounds are demonstrated liver toxins and liver carcinogens.
For this reason, a study was conducted to assess aflatoxin exposure among young children in ethiopia using urinary biomarkers. Aflatoxin m1 afm1 is a major carcinogenic compound that may be found in milk and dairy products resulting from ingestion of aflatoxin b1 by dairy animals. High aflatoxin contamination of feed was found in the addis ababa milk shed. Feed storage conditions in ethiopia are conducive to the accumulation of moulds and aflatoxins awareness of aflatoxins is very low along the dairy value chain over 90% of dairy farmers did not know that milk could be contaminated with aflatoxins. Semiintensive farming was the most common farming type practised by the farmers where the animal. Cows that consume afb1contaminated feed excrete aflatoxin m1 afm1 in their milk.
It was reported in march that feed originating from serbia and imported in the netherlands and germany was contaminated. Although the liver is the major site of injury, afb 1induced tumors have been experimentally produced in the lungs, kidneys, and colons of rodents. Dairy cows that eat contaminated feed can yield contaminated milk. Aflatoxin m 1 in milk and dairy product is a serious issue previous studies have shown high level of afm 1 contamination in milk and milk products the recent development in detection techniques for afm 1 has helped its regulations in milk products. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia by d. Download fulltext pdf aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges.
Effects of aflatoxin contamination of grains in ethiopia. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis. While most of the milk samples in the study did exceed the eu limit of 0. The results showed gradual and incubation time dependent reduction of afm1 level in the raw milk samples being fermented to ergo. Researcharticle reduction of aflatoxin m1 levels during ethiopian traditional fermented milk ergo production tsigeshiguteandalemayehup. Washe departmentofchemistry,hawassauniversity,pbox,hawass, ethiopia. June 2015 14 aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in. Pdf aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and. This is why government regulations specify that milk must be free of aflatoxin. Whereas 80% of the farmers were aware of aflatoxin, there was no. The european union limit on aflatoxin levels in milk is much more stringent than that of the usa. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and feeds in the greater addis ababa. Aflatoxin m1 afm1 is the principal hydroxylated afb1 metabolite present in milk of cows fed with a diet contaminated with afb1and excreted within 12 hours of administration of contaminated feeds.
However, aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy feeds has not been reported until now. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia 1. Feb 11, 2014 dairy feed project to reduce aflatoxin contamination in kenyas milk posted on 11 feb 2014 by paul karaimu leave a comment mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, are toxins found in food that can cause illness and be lethal in high doses. Aflatoxin b1 in feeds can decrease milk production, reduce fertility and increase susceptibility to infections. All the milk samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin m1 and over 90% of the milk samples contained aflatoxin m1 levels that exceeded the european union limit of 5 ppb. In dairy cows, ingested afb1 is metabolized into carcinogenic afm1 which is eliminated through milk, thus posing a risk for consumer health. Ia mandating aflatoxin testing in milk for m1 aspergillus most present in 2012. This indicates that a lot of ethiopian people are at danger of aflatoxin contamination. This indicates that a lot of developing countries people are at danger of aflatoxin. The toxicology of aflatoxins 1st edition human health, veterinary, and agricultural significance. Jan 01, 2016 read aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia, food control on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. In ethiopia, a currently ongoing study has revealed high levels of contamination of dairy feeds with aflatoxins in the greater addis milk shed.
Aflatoxins contamination is regulated in more than 80 countries, their legislation is harmonized at the international level 11. Several researches show that afb1 is the most common aflatoxin in ethiopia from most commodities at a very much higher level. A survey of aflatoxin m1 contamination in raw milk. Noug cake was associated with high aflatoxin contamination in milk and feed. Fate of aflatoxins in tissues, fluids, and excrements from. Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk in the greater addis ababa. Aflatoxin management for smallholder farmers of maize and. Jun 17, 2016 ethiopia crop agriculture is very complicated, involving substantial alteration in crops cultivated around the different parts of country chilot et al. In februarymarch 20 several european countries, including romania, serbia, croatia reported nationwide contamination of milk for human consumption and possibly of derivative products with aflatoxins. Risk of aflatoxin contamination of food and feed in africa is increased due to environmental, agronomic and socioeconomic factors. Like other mycotoxi detect standard limits of a and dairy poses. This hepatic hydroxylated form of afb1 was originally called milk toxin. There are 4 aflatoxins produced by fungus growth in grains. Jan 21, 2014 aflatoxin m1 residues in milk depending on quantity of aflatoxin b1 ingested.
In many asian countries and in iran no severe control method for aflatoxin m1 in milk and milk products has been applied. These toxins are produced by the fungi in cereals, pulses and nuts under favorable conditions of temperature and moisture 2. The presence of aflatoxins especially aflatoxin b1 on food such as peanuts, milk, and corn can increase a persons. Prevalence of aflatoxin in feeds and cow milk from five. Afm1 was also detected greater than the standard from milk and milk products in ethiopia. The maize crop is third most important crop in ethiopia after wheat and teff and accounts for largest share in total crop production befekadu and berhanu 2000.
In lower saxony and, to a small extent, in other federal states farms have received forage. The first reported case on aflatoxin m1 contamination was in ovine milk, after feeding contaminated feed with afb1. Request pdf aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia aflatoxin b1 afb1 is a highly toxic metabolite of. Aflatoxin m 1 is the mycotoxin found in milk and is converted normally from aflatoxin b 1 in feed although other conversions may occur. At present it appears that the feed for the affected herds may have come from a single source, so this is not a general alert just a headsup. Afm1 was also detected greater than the standard from milk and milk products. Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, are toxins found in food that can cause illness and be lethal in high doses. The level of contamination of afb1 and afm1 is vary among different location of ethiopia. However, milk contamination with aflatoxin m1 afm1 is common. Carryover of aflatoxin from feed to milk in dairy cows. Presence of aflatoxin m1 in dairy cattle milk in khartoum. The pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plugin installed for example, a recent version of adobe acrobat reader if you would like more information about how to print, save, and work with pdfs, highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds in the greater addis. Oguz, selcuk university, konya, turkey introduction aflatoxins af are a major concern in poultry production and public health because of serious economic.
This work was aimed at studying the excretion of aflatoxin m1 afm1 and m2 afm2. Presence of aflatoxin m1 in dairy cattle milk in khartoum statesudan s. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the. Therefore, this study tries to assess the contamination of aflatoxin in milk and feed on the other part of the country at gurage. Aflatoxin m1 afm1, a metabolite of afb1, is present in milk of. The aflatoxins are capable of causing aflatoxicosis in consumers of milk. Status of aflatoxin contamination in cow milk produced in. Implication of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products.
Subsequently humans may be exposed to this aflatoxin through milk and milk products, including breast milk, especially in areas where the poorest quality grain is used for animal feed. Aflatoxin m1 residues in milk depending on quantity of aflatoxin b1 ingested. Aflatoxin m 1, metabolite of aflatoxin b 1 in humans and animals exposure in ng levels may come from a mothers milk aflatoxin m 2, metabolite of aflatoxin b 2 in milk of cattle fed on contaminated foods. Fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination in maize. There have been a couple of loads of milk dumped in south west indiana because of violative levels of aflatoxin. Jul 20, 2015 now, a new research study published in the journal food control 6 july 2015 has, for the first time, documented aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy feeds in ethiopia and the results show that milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed are highly contaminated with aflatoxins. Aflatoxin m1 has been detected in high concentration throughout subsaharan africa in cows milk and in human breast milk, putting infants at high risk. Aflatoxins are produced by certain strains of the fungi aspergillus flavus and a. Dairy feed project to reduce aflatoxin contamination in kenya. The aim of this study was to detect and quantify the amount of afm1 in raw cows milk and afb1 in dairy feed samples in the greater addis ababa milk shed using a value chain approach. A total of 185 samples 150 raw milk and 35 processed milk and milk products were randomly collected from milk collection sites and. Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk and its products in bomet. The level of afm1 residuesday mg in milk could reach 2.
Aflatoxin b1 was not present in nontissue samples, but aflatoxin m1 0. The study aimed at determining the level of aflatoxin m1 in milk and milk products from bomet county. Temperature, food substrate, strain of the mould and other environmental factors are some parameters that effect mycotoxin. However, action is not taken until the aflatoxin level exceeds 0. National standard of the peoples republic of china gb 54. The action level for aflatoxin b 1 is 20 parts per billion for feed fed to lactating dairy cows. In addition to this, they also found substantial occurrence data for afm1 in milk and dairy products worldwide. Aflatoxin m1 contamination of milk in the greater addis. Lack of awareness on aflatoxin contamination increases the risk of damage to. Nov 23, 2010 the feeds are to be screened for fungi and mycotoxins and the milk samples for aflatoxin m 1. A crosssectional study of aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds was carried out in five counties in kenya representing different agroecological zones.
Peanuts arachis hypogaea is an important and affordable source of protein in most of subsaharan africa ssa and a popular commodity and raw material for peanut butter, paste and cooking oil. Aflatoxin contamination in feeds used by bulawayo periurban farmers for dairy cows was assessed. New ilri study finds high levels of aflatoxin in milk and. After aflatoxin m 1 is formed, it is excreted in the urine and milk of the cow. Aflatoxin analysis of dairy feeds and milk in the greater addis ababa milk shed, ethiopia dawit gizachew, barbara szonyi, azage tegegne, jean hanson and delia grace consultative workshop on milk quality addis ababa, ethiopia 2526 june 2015. M1 afm1, a product of aflatoxin b1 afb1 metabolism, can be found in milk in areas of high aflatoxin exposure.
Now, a new research study published in the journal food control 6 july 2015 has, for the first time, documented aflatoxin contamination in milk and dairy feeds in ethiopia and the results show that milk and dairy feeds in the greater addis ababa milk shed are highly contaminated with aflatoxins. The singular phenomenon of the high transfer of aflatoxin b1 to the milkborne afm1 results from a preventive decontamination triggered by the animal. Transfer of aflatoxins to milk, eggs, meat and offal. Aflatoxins, potent carcinogens in human and animals, mainly get into the biological system viadiets. Gizachew, barbara szonyi, azage tegegne, jean hanson and delia grace download pdf 2 mb. Risk of human exposure to afm1 contamination of milk is a major concern in ethiopia where dairy farmers commonly use different mixed. It is at this critical point that childhood undernutrition occurs and the condition manifests as stunting. Are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi, mainly aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus. They are carcinogenic and can be present in grains, nuts, cottonseed and other commodities associated with human food or animal feeds. Implication of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural. Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in. Aflatoxin m1 occurrence in dairy products worldwide. Aflatoxins in animal feeds and animal feed ingredients and. Analysis to ascertain the determination for aflatoxin.
The most common aflatoxins are b 1, b 2, g 1, g 2, m 1 and m 2. According to results obtained in this study, aflatoxin m1 was found in 100% of raw milk samples with 14. Review on the impact of aflatoxine in dairy industry. Aflatoxin b 1 afb 1 is a potent toxin, mutagen, and carcinogen, and is implicated in the etiology of hepatocarcinoma. Aflatoxin m1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and. Even in donkeys, a passage of aflatoxin from contaminated feed to milk could occur, as reported by many authors in other dairy species, but there are no studies on this topic. It is a popular ingredient for foods used at the point of weaning infants from mothers milk.
These toxins are formed by strains of moulds that infest susceptible grains such as maize and sorghum. Our results showed levels of aflatoxin in some of the milk samples significantly higher than that allowed by european union eu and usa standards. This is the predominate aflatoxin found in milk aflatoxins can occur preharvest, in the field. Aflatoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate agricultural commodities and can cause sickness or death in humans and animals. In this study, the reduction of aflatoxin m1 afm1 levels during labscale ergo production was investigated through determination of the residual levels of afm1 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Aflatoxin g 1 and g 2 afg, produced by some group ii a. Aflatoxin detection in milk research, the symphony project.
838 343 1519 996 1480 822 1514 50 1067 694 692 1515 1218 110 806 421 1126 607 657 1093 1104 461 166 1145 1419 1244 1084 760 1222 936 278 574 1081 1125